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New research spotlights cow intelligence

Cover image: Jo-Anne McArthur / We Animals Media

Cows Are Smarter Than You Think

Why do we underestimate cattle? Many choose to think of “edible” animals as unintelligent, but in the case of cattle, research proves otherwise.

New research featured in Psychology Today is bringing cow intelligence into the spotlight, increasing awareness around these sensitive and sentient animals.

As animal allies, we know that animals think and feel, whether they share our homes like cats and dogs or are killed for food like cows, pigs, and chickens. However, awareness around farmed animal sentience remains sparse and cognitive dissonance is common.

Research on animal intelligence helps more people to understand that animals are capable of complex thinking, problem-solving, emotions, and even social relationships. As this evidence becomes more widely understood, it challenges outdated views of animals as simple or unfeeling and highlights their capacity to experience stress, pain, and well-being in meaningful ways.

This growing awareness encourages the public and decision-makers to reconsider how animals are treated, supporting a shift toward animal-free eating habits and stronger welfare standards.

Read the article in Psychology Today to learn what a free-living herd of domesticated cattle can teach us about cow intelligence and adaptability.

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Podcast: Animal advocacy and Vancouver Humane Society’s mission (Vegan Boss Radio)

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The Vancouver Humane Society’s Chantelle Archambault sat down with Shawna Barker from the Vegan Boss Radio podcast about Vancouver Humane Society’s mission, work, and some practical ways that animal allies can make a difference.

Note: This written discussion has been edited for length.

Advocacy and justice for animals

A long-haired Highland cow stands in a grassy field, gently nuzzling a small calf beside her.

Shawna: Hi everyone. Welcome to Vegan Boss Radio. I am your host, Shawna Barker, and I’m so glad you’re here today. Today’s episode is a very important one because we’re talking about animal advocacy, public awareness, and how real change actually happens, not just online, but at the policy and community level.

Today I’m joined by Chantelle Archambault, who has worked as the communications director at the Vancouver Humane Society since 2021. She is deeply passionate about justice for all, both humans and animals, and has spent her career working with nonprofit organizations focused on family services, social justice, advocacy, and creating safer spaces for marginalized communities.

Chantelle’s lifelong commitment to the ethical treatment of animals inspired her to volunteer with the Toronto Humane Society and eventually move across Canada to take on her current role at Vancouver Humane Society. She has appeared in media outlets, including the CBC, CTV, CityNews, and the Daily Hive.

In this conversation, we talk about the work that the Vancouver Humane Society does behind the scenes, including its past and current campaigns, how they raise public awareness around practices like rodeos and horse racing, and why these issues are often misunderstood or even normalized, in many cases.

Chantelle, thank you so much for being here today. I’m wondering what drew you to animal advocacy, and then how did that lead you to working with the Vancouver Humane Society?

Chantelle: Thanks so much for having me today. It’s interesting to be on this side of the question because I love asking this to our guests on the Vancouver Humane Society podcast, Informed Animal Ally, as well. I got into animal advocacy the way that I found a lot of people I speak with do as well. I’ve always been drawn to animals since I was a kid, making my dad wait before he drove to work on rainy days so I could pick up every single worm off the driveway so they wouldn’t get squished. I was putting the spiders out through the window in the classrooms so the other kids wouldn’t step on them.

When I was in university, I volunteered doing feline enrichment at the Toronto Humane Society. I worked at an organization that worked with marginalized communities affected by HIV and then at a Children’s and family organization. Those were both organizations that aligned with my values.

I care about justice for humans for all of the same reasons I care about justice for animals. But I always knew that my dream job would be to work in the animal sector doing communications, telling those stories from the animals because their voices are ignored so often.

Shawna: That’s so incredible. It sounds like it was very much meant to be. Maybe for listeners that are not familiar with the Vancouver Humane Society, could you share a little bit about the mission and the types of work that you do?

Chantelle: Yeah, absolutely. So, the Vancouver Humane Society’s mission is to expose and end animal suffering and exploitation, including supporting individuals, organizations, and governments in caring for the wellbeing of animals. So, we work in five main areas to do that.

There are already a lot of great rescues who do work in taking in pets who really need it. So, our goal is to support the guardians of animals who are loved, but just need some help to keep them cared for at home and out of the shelter rescue system. We offer emergency veterinary support for low-income guardians so that they can get their pets cared for and back home safe rather than having to watch their pets suffer or make the really difficult decision to either euthanize them or give them up to get the care they need. We do a lot of advocacy work around animals in captivity, zoos, aquariums, mobile petting zoos, exotic pets, and animals in entertainment. That includes things like rodeos, horse carriages, horse racing, and wildlife.

Recently, we’ve taken more of a support role on this one for other organizations that focus on wild animals like the fur bearers. But we’ve covered things like, wildlife culls, hunting and fishing, regulations for farming, rodent poisons, and then farmed animals. That is a major area because, I’m sure you know, farmed animal welfare is often considered the greatest animal welfare issue on the planet.

We work in plant-based advocacy to make plant-based eating more accessible and reduce the demand for animals to be farmed for food. And we also advocate for better policies and practices that address the worst harms animals face while they’re currently in the farming system.

Rodeos and horse racing

Three jockeys lean forward as their horses gallop closely together during a horse race.

Shawna: I was scrolling one of the Facebook groups for the Hastings Sunrise neighbourhood and I saw a petition to bring back Hastings horse racing track. How do people not see how much cruelty is involved there? What do you wish more people knew about those industries?

Chantelle: Yeah. There are so many misconceptions about those two industries, and what a lot of it comes down to is lack of choice. The main argument from those industries and their supporters is that those animals love their jobs, but animals aren’t like human athletes because they don’t have a choice.

Animals used in rodeo do the behaviours that rodeo announcers pass off as performing are actually natural fear responses. A racehorse isn’t like a human athlete who gets to go home and do what they want. At the end of the day, their whole life and full routine is controlled by their handlers who decide when they train, when they rest, when and if they get time to run free. Animals also don’t choose to get into those situations. They’re bred for those industries, and if they don’t do what they’re expected, they’re punished for it.

For rodeo and horse racing, we actually did an entire podcast episode just on this topic called Eight Arguments in Support of Rodeo and How to Respond, because there are so many, and we’ve run into them all the time.

For horse racing, the most common argument is that if we take away horse racing, those horses will have nowhere to go and they’ll be sent to slaughter. First of all, this shouldn’t be true anyway. Horses are only able to race for a fraction of their lives because it’s quite hard on their bodies. So, any responsible industry should have a retirement plan in place.

The best outcome is one where horses can spend their days as freely as possible, like in a sanctuary or being therapy horses. We advocated for the BC government to support that transition when Hastings racecourse in Vancouver closed down, as you mentioned. And the other side of that coin is that while the industry is arguing that we have to keep horse racing around, because there are so many racehorses who would have nowhere to go, they have still been breeding more animals into this industry.

Shawna: Have there been campaigns to stop the horse carriage rides in Victoria?

Chantelle: We have worked around the horse carriage rides in Victoria a little bit. Right now, we’re working on a horse carriage campaign in Vancouver. We’re trying to get horse carriages off of busy city streets.

Education for long-term change

An overhead view of a wooden table set with colorful plant-based dishes.

Shawna: Beyond the individual campaigns that VHS works on, are there examples of maybe systems-level work, maybe through getting policies changed, education or outreach to address long-term changes that will benefit animals?

Chantelle: Yeah, absolutely. Education is a really important part of the work we do because the only way we can make change for animals is if people know what the issues are and care enough to help make those changes.

One project I am really excited to share is our plant university program. We originally launched Plant University in 2022 as a home for our ongoing work making plant-based eating more accessible to individuals through personal education, like sharing recipes and also working with institutions.

To improve access to plant-based foods for instance, in the past we’ve worked with school cafeterias to help organize meatless Mondays, and that work has carried on over the past few years. We’ve developed a recipe library and shared reasons and tips to eat more plant-based foods with people all over Canada.

And we’ve also been working with businesses and institutions like long-term care homes more locally to help them transition part of their menus. We’ve also supported change at the government level. A couple years ago, we created a report for the City of Vancouver on how transitioning a percentage of the food they purchased to plant-based could save them money and help meet their environmental goals.

This last year, we transitioned the program to specifically target post-secondary students in the Lower Mainland. A lot of students are making food purchasing decisions on their own for the first time in their lives, and when we share all the benefits of choosing plant-based options along with tips for eating more plant-based foods like recipes and an on-campus food guide, there’s a much better chance we’ll see that translate into new habits these young folks will carry with them through the rest of their lives. So, we’ve been doing things like in-class presentations, outreach events, signage, and posters on campus.

Emotional toll of animal advocacy

A person wearing a cap and denim jacket gently embraces a dog.

Shawna: I know advocacy work can be really kind of emotionally heavy. I mean, you’re seeing and talking about like animals being mistreated all the time. Maybe for yourself or for your team, is there a way that you navigate feeling emotionally burnt out by doing this kind of work and how to stay motivated?

Chantelle: Yeah, it is really tough sometimes. We find different ways to share what’s happening through writing, but that means we need to watch the footage of what animals are going through behind the scenes at rodeos or in slaughterhouses. That does really get to you because you know that you can walk away from seeing this at the end of the day, but for so many animals, this is their whole lives.

I really try to ground myself by recognizing that I’m doing everything I can do to help. I’m doing advocacy, so fewer animals have to go through this. I am vegan, so I’m not directly contributing to animals going through what they go through in the farming system. And then I spend lots of time connecting with the world around me in different ways when I’m not working, talking to my loved ones, talking to my cat, taking my cat out into the backyard so she can live the best life that she can.

I know if I’m not able to take care of myself and reset, I’m not going to be as effective in actually doing this advocacy. So, taking time for ourselves is part of being a good animal advocate.

The role of public awareness

Close-up of a horse’s face, showing its eyes.

Shawna: You mentioned kind of the role that public awareness plays. Do you feel that the public awareness does play a huge role in actually like changing the laws in these practices?

Chantelle: Yeah, absolutely. Public awareness is huge. We live in a world where companies, for the most part, are going to do what’s most profitable. Governments, for the most part, are going to do what gets them re-elected.

So, when we raise public awareness, people change their behaviours and they speak up and it tells those leaders of companies and governments that compassion is the popular choice, that’s going to be more profitable or it’s going to get more people on their side before the next election. When we do see government representatives connect with an issue on a personal level, it’s often because they’ve heard from individuals in their community, not necessarily from someone who’s representing an organization.

Shawna: For increasing public awareness, what are the best strategies? Would you say on social media you have a good reach or is it door-to-door campaigns with petitions? I’m just wondering what is an effective way to get the word out?

Chantelle: I think there are so many different ways. If someone is individually doing this, I would say play to your strengths.

If you have an audience online, definitely online is a great way to reach people. If you’re out in your community and you’re connecting people one-on-one in groups, that’s a great way to reach people. If you’re at an event and you can bring like a plant-based dish, use that as an opener to talk about animal suffering in the farmed animal system. Like anything that you can do to get people talking and thinking, I think is a great way to educate people about the things animals go through. There are opportunities all the time, all around us.

Shawna: And then for Vancouver Humane Society specifically, are you reaching people in specific neighbourhoods directly or do you feel like a lot of the reach comes from posting videos and articles on social media?

Chantelle: The biggest two routes that we take are through our email list and organic social media posts.

There are people who are really deeply engaged and we have about 16,000 people on our email list. We send out things that they can share on social media, ways that they can take direct action, ways that they can speak up to their elected officials.

Shawna: Someone who maybe isn’t on your email list and deeply cares about animals but feels overwhelmed and is not sure where to start—what would you suggest as a way to support this work?

Chantelle: Yeah, I would say the most basic first step is to find an organization that really aligns with your values and subscribe to their email list.

We have so many quick actions, like emails to decision makers, petitions to sign, campaigns to share around. There are ways to get involved to varying degrees based on how much time you have to spend on advocacy work, from a ten second click to a more in-depth collaborative piece.

In a more general sense, I would advise people to get to know your government representatives at the local, provincial, and federal levels. Your city council members, your members of Legislative Assembly, your members of parliament.

Once you make a connection with them, you’re in a much better position to let them know that you care about animals or what you care about in general when a policy decision comes up that they’re involved with. You don’t need to be an expert, it can really just be about going to them and saying, hey, I care about animals, we are a community that loves animals. I really hope you’ll vote for better animal welfare when the opportunity comes up.

Shawna: And if someone wants to engage with anything that VHS is working on and but they don’t live in Vancouver or even British Columbia, are there ways to get involved or do you suggest they find other local humane societies?

Chantelle: I definitely suggest you always find local organizations that you can make a difference locally on issues that are near you, and likely near and dear to your heart. But you absolutely don’t need to live in Vancouver to get involved with our campaigns. We cover a whole range of campaigns from local issues to issues of national importance. Most of our quick actions can be taken by anyone in Canada and sometimes beyond.

I’d recommend you go to our website, vancouverhumane.ca and sign up for our email list to get all the updates. You can also follow us at Vancouver Humane Society on Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram, or Blue Sky. Any of those ways is going to be a great first route to get involved.

Shawna: Okay. Amazing. Well, Chantelle, I want to thank you so much for sharing everything that Vancouver Humane Society is working on, and ways for people to get involved. I know you really are emphasizing people getting involved with their local officials and I think that is such an important way to help shed light and address some of the injustices going on towards animals in your community. Did you have any final thoughts or anything you wanted to share with our listeners?

Chantelle: I just wanted to thank you so much for having me on today and giving me the opportunity to share about this. I think this is a great podcast and it was a really great conversation and I am glad that we had the chance to talk today.

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Have your say: Canada’s Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Beef Cattle

  • The National Farm Animal Care Council’s (NFACC) Beef Code of Practice outlines guidelines for the on-farm care and handling of cattle raised for beef in Canada.
  • The code is being updated for the first time since 2013 and a public comment period is open until June 12, 2026.
  • While there are a few improvements, the new draft code fails to address some of the most significant welfare issues within the beef cattle industry.
  • Join the VHS in calling for stronger requirements for shelter, daily monitoring, pain control, humane handling, transport decisions, and emergency planning.

TAKE ACTION: Share feedback on the draft code on the issues that are important to you; everyone can participate! 

Top welfare priorities
Tips for submitting
Submit your feedback 

Share this post!

Top Welfare Priorities

We encourage you to read through the draft Beef Cattle Code of Practice and provide feedback on the issues that matter most to you, if possible.

However, we have prepared the VHS’s top welfare priorities with section headers and tips for submitting your feedback, if you are short on time and would like guidance.

Short on time? Under the heading ‘Which section of the draft Code would you now like to provide feedback on?’, select ‘General Comments on the Code’. This will allow you to bypass providing feedback on each section of the code.

IMPORTANT: Do not copy and paste wording, as duplicate responses and/or profanity or derogatory language will not be considered by NFACC. 

Section 1: Animal Environment

Section 1.2: Facilities for all cattle

Comment on Requirements:

Currently, there is no minimum shelter requirement to protect cattle from heat, cold, wind, rain, or other harsh weather.

  • The Code should set clear minimum shelter space requirements based on herd size, as well as maximum stocking densities (e.g. number of animals/acre) for cattle on pasture, feedlots, and auction markets.

The Code should require enrichment opportunities that allow cattle to express natural behaviours, including foraging, exercise, social behaviour, and grooming.

The Code should also prohibit tethering cattle as a form of housing. Tethering (tying an animal to an anchor point) should only be used temporarily when necessary for handling or procedures, and it should never be used as a regular housing practice.

Section 2: Feed and Water

Section 2.2: Water

Comment on Requirements

Cattle should have reliable access to clean water, including during heat waves and/or periods of high humidity, and water sources should be monitored regularly.

Snow should not be permitted as the sole winter water source. Snow may not reliably meet cattle’s needs, especially if conditions change or cattle are not checked frequently. A backup water system should always be required.

Comment on Recommended Practices

The following should be requirements:

  • Water sources must be easy for cattle to find and access.
  • The number of watering points and flow rate must be appropriate for the herd size.
  • Automated water systems must be checked daily to ensure they are working properly.

Section 3: Animal Health

Section 3.3.1: Disorders of the Respiratory Tract

Comment on Requirements

Recently weaned calves and newly arrived feedlot cattle should be monitored at least twice daily for two weeks to support early detection of respiratory disease.

A risk-based bovine respiratory disease prevention strategy should be a requirement as part of every herd health program, given that it is a significant health and welfare problem in the beef industry.

Section 3.3.2: Lameness

Comment on Recommended Practices

Lameness is a painful leg or hoof condition that is a common welfare issue within the beef industry. The Code should require training on causes, prevention, and treatment of lameness.

It should also require producers minimize cattle exposure to mud and standing water, and to include lameness prevention strategies in herd health programs.

Section 3.4: Safety and Emergencies

Comment on Requirements

The Code should require stronger emergency planning for fires, floods, and extreme weather.

Newly built facilities should have fire suppression and flood mitigation systems. Existing facilities should be retrofitted where possible.

Section 4: Animal Husbandry

Section 4.1: Handling and Moving Cattle

Comment on Requirements

Electric prods are used during handling and provide an electric shock to the animal. These devices cause pain, stress, and can lead to injury.

Given that electric prods can also easily be overused and that humane alternatives exist and are effective, the Code should prohibit electric prod use and require low-stress handling methods.

Section 4.3: Identification

Comment on Requirements

Branding, which is used to permanently identify cattle, should be prohibited.

Branding is painful and unnecessary, especially when alternatives such as microchipping, visual identifiers, descriptive markings, coat patterns, colour variations, and properly fitted leg bands are available.

Section 4.4: Disbudding and Dehorning

Comment on Requirements

The Code should require practices that eliminate painful horn removal (disbudding and dehorning) procedures, such as transitioning to hornless breeds of cattle.

Section 4.5: Castration

Comment on Requirements

Cattle should be castrated as young as practically possible and provided both anesthetics and pain control, in consultation with a veterinarian.

Comment on Recommended Practices

Calves must be monitored after castration to ensure they are nursing or eating and to check for signs of infection or other complications.

Section 4.5.1: Spaying

Comment on Requirements

Spaying should only be carried out by a veterinarian, and both anesthetics and pain control should be required.

Section 4.6: Weaning

Comment on Recommended Practices

Abrupt weaning of calves from their mothers should be prohibited. Low-stress, gradual weaning strategies should be required.

This includes two-stage or fence-line weaning, avoiding weaning during other major stressors such as adverse weather, commingling with animals from other groups, marketing, or transport, and avoiding painful procedures like branding, dehorning, and castration at the time of weaning.

Calves should also be acclimated to human handling and feed delivery methods they will experience after weaning.

Section 4.8: Tail Docking

Comment on Requirements

Tail docking should only be permitted when medically necessary, in consultation with a veterinarian, and with both anesthesia and pain control.

Section 5: Preparations for Transport

Section 5.1: Evaluating and Preparing Cattle for Transport 

Comment on Recommended Practices

Transport is a stressful process that can pose a significant risk to the health and welfare of cattle. Therefore, the Code should require stronger protections during transport decision-making, planning, scheduling, and loading/receiving.

  • Farm personnel should be trained and have ready access to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency’s (CFIA) guidance and veterinarian-developed protocols for assessing an animal’s fitness for transport.
  • Monitoring should increase as the transport date approaches, so health or body condition concerns can be identified early.
  • If there is uncertainty about whether an animal is fit for transport, consulting a veterinarian should be required.
Section 5.2: Planning and Scheduling Transport

Comment on Recommended Practices

Transport should be planned to minimize the time animals spend loaded in parked vehicles and to account for forecasted weather conditions. Transport must not take place during extreme weather.

Section 5.3: Loading and Receiving Cattle

Comment on Recommended Practices

The Code should require loading practices that reduce stress and injury, including adjusting loading densities, absorbent material for the weather conditions and providing ramps when the vertical distance between the loading surface and vehicle floor causes cattle to hesitate, stop moving forward, or refuse to move.

Section 6: On-Farm Euthanasia

Section 6.1: Euthanasia Decisions

Comment on Requirements:

Delayed or inappropriate decisions around humane euthanasia can lead to prolonged animal suffering.

The Code should require training to help personnel assess quality of life, prognosis, and when euthanasia is needed. A required training module should be developed to support timely, humane decision-making.

General Comments

The Code should include a clear duty of care section, similar to other Codes of Practice, which require that all personnel responsible for cattle must be required to know the Code, be properly trained, and be competent and confident in cattle care and handling.

The Code should also require cattle to be checked daily at a minimum. Daily observation is essential to identify illness, injury, lack of access to food or water, extreme weather impacts, calving difficulties, and other welfare concerns.

There should also be stronger requirements for consistent, practical tools for measuring welfare outcomes across the beef cattle industry.

Submit your feedback now!

Tips for submitting

To make your submission impactful, and to ensure that it is reviewed by NFACC, consider these tips before submitting your feedback:  

  • REMINDER: Do not copy and paste the text below, as duplicate submissions will be ignored by NFACC. Use your own words so your submission reflects your personal concerns and experience.
  • Keep responses relevant to on-farm practices.
  • Provide references and examples whenever possible. 
  • Reference exact wording in the draft code that you would like to see changed and how you would like it changed.
  • Make it personal, the committee members are interested in how this code impacts you.
Thank you so much for taking the time to speak up for beef cattle in Canada.
Submit your feedback now!
References

TBD

Stay Informed. Help Animals.

Learn about farmed animal welfare in Canada and what you can do to help! Sign up now to get clear explanations, action alerts, and practical steps you can take when it matters most.  Click here to learn more.

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Have your say: Canada’s Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Equines

Update

The public feedback period for the Equine Code of Practice is now closed. Thank you to everyone who spoke up for animals. Please go to this page for current campaigns.

  • In 2024, we asked for your help in completing a national survey that gathered top equine welfare concerns. Your voice was heard, and responses from this survey were used to create a draft Equine Code of Practice.  
  • The public comment period for the National Farm Animal Care Council’s (NFACC) Equine Code of Practice is now open until March 12, 2026  
  • The Equine Code of Practice provides a guideline for the on-farm care and handling of horses and donkeys raised in Canada.  
  • While this draft provides many much-needed updates to the Equine Code of Practice, there are still changes to be made to improve equine welfare. 
  • Note that the code does not include transport, such as the live export of horses for slaughter; it only includes on-farm practices and deciding if individual horses are fit for transport. 

TAKE ACTION: Join us in providing feedback on the draft code on the issues that are important to you; everyone can participate! 

Top welfare priorities
Tips for submitting
Submit your feedback 

Share this post!

Top Welfare Priorities

We encourage you to read through the draft Equine Code of Practice and provide feedback on the issues that matter most to you if possible.

However, we have prepared the VHS’s top welfare priorities with section headers and tips for submitting your feedback if you are short on time and would like guidance. REMINDER: do not copy and paste the text below, as duplicate submissions will be ignored by NFACC.

Section 2: Facilities and Housing

Section 2.3.1 – Indoor space allowance

Comment on Requirements:

Tie-stalls should be banned, which keep animals tethered in one place and prevent them from moving freely, socializing, or behaving naturally, often leading to physical and mental health problems. (Popescu et al., 2019; Yngvesson et al., 2019).

Section 6: Loose Horse Management

Section 6.5.1 – Stocking density

Comment on Requirements

Currently, there are no requirements about how much space horses need or shelter access in feedlots or other similar environments. Clear minimum standards should be set, based on research, to give horses enough room, reduce stress, fighting, and injuries, and protect them from harsh weather.

Section 7: Husbandry

Section 7.1 – Turnout, social opportunities, and enrichment 

Comment on Requirements

Currently, there are no minimum requirements for turnout (giving equines free access to pasture or paddock), social opportunities, and enrichment in the draft code.

Turnout and enrichment allow horses to express natural behaviours and provide mental stimulation, including grazing, freedom of movement and social interaction.

Minimum requirements should include: 

Turnout: Horses should be allowed outside for at least 12 hours each day (Bell et al., 2001). They need enough space to move freely at their own pace and to get away from other horses if there is aggression.

Enrichment: Horses should have regular contact with other compatible horses, a variety of toys and feeding options, and opportunities to do natural things like rolling in pasture or using scent and scratching stations.

Section 7.2 – General behaviour and handling of horses

Comment on Recommended Best Practices

Horses are easily frightened and may react by bolting or becoming aggressive. To keep both people and horses safe, it should be a requirement to avoid loud noises, sudden movements, or other actions that could scare them.

Section 7.3 – Methods of identification

Comment on Requirements

Hot and freeze branding are painful and stressful for horses and can have lasting effects on their behaviour. Since there are safer ways to identify horses, like microchipping, branding should no longer be allowed. Instead, clear visual identification methods, such as coat markings, hair patterns, colour differences, scars, or properly fitted leg bands, should be used.

Section 8: Exercise & Training

Section 8.2 – Guidelines for training horses

Comment on Recommended Best Practices

It should be required to use the First Training Principles when training and handling horses (refer to Appendix L – Handling Horses and How Horses Learn).

Equestrians often use training methods that compromise equine welfare to achieve competition-related goals. Training horses should never harm their well-being and should match what they are physically and mentally able to do.

Using proven, humane training methods helps keep both horses and trainers safe and reduces problem behaviours.

Section 9: Reproductive Management

Section 9.5.4 – Weaning

Comment on Recommended Best Practices

It should be a requirement that foals are not weaned before 6 months of age, and when possible, weaning should wait until after 9 months. Gradual weaning helps reduce stress and supports healthy growth and development in young horses (Henry et al., 2020).

Section 10: Transport

Section 10.1 – Fitness for transport

Comment on Requirements

People who assess an animal’s suitability for transport should receive proper training, and their assessments should be recorded and documented so there are clear, reliable records.

Section 10.4 – Loading and unloading

Comment on Recommended Best Practices

Recommendations (a.), (b.), (c.), (d.), (e.) should be requirements given the high stress of loading and unloading for equines.

Section 10.4.2 – Post-transport management

Comment on Recommended Best Practices:

Horses may hide signs of pain when people are watching (Torcivia & McDonnell, 2020), so recently transported horses should be closely monitored for dehydration, injuries, colic, fever, or breathing problems, especially after long trips or when horses from different places have been mixed.

Comment on Recommended Best Practices:

There should be a recommended practice of video monitoring recently transported horses.

Section 11: Change or End of Career

Section 11.1 – Change or end of career

Comment on Requirements:

Every equine industry should have a transition plan for what happens to horses at the end of their working careers, and having this plan should be required for operation.

Section 12: Euthanasia

Section 12.2 – Methods of euthanasia

Comment on Requirements:

Euthanasia must be carried out in a way that causes no pain or fear, and horses must be made unconscious immediately.

Submit your feedback now!

Tips for submitting

To make your submission impactful, and to ensure that it is reviewed by NFACC, consider these tips before submitting your feedback:  

  • IMPORTANT: Do not copy and paste wording, as duplicate responses and/or profanity or derogatory language will not be considered by NFACC. 
  • Keep responses relevant to the draft code. Issues involving transportation, such as live horse export, will not be considered by NFACC.  
  • Provide references and examples whenever possible. 
  • Reference exact wording in the draft code that you would like to see changed and how you would like it changed  
  • Make it personal, the committee members are interested in how this code impacts you  
  • Consider looking through the submission form for formatting style before you begin drafting your feedback 
Thank you so much for taking the time to speak up for equids in Canada.
Submit your feedback now!
References

Bell R.A., Nielsen B.D., Waite K., Rosenstein D. & Orth M. (2001) Daily access to pasture turnout prevents loss of mineral in the third metacarpus of Arabian weanlings. Journal of Animal Science 79:142-1150.  

Henry, S., Sigurjónsdóttir, H., Klapper, A., Joubert, J., Montier, G., & Hausberger, M. (2020). Domestic foal weaning: Need for re-thinking breeding practices? Animals 10(2): 361. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020361  

Popescu, S., Lazar, E. A., Borda, C., Niculae, M., Sandru, C. D., & Spinu, M. (2019). Welfare quality of breeding horses under different housing conditions. Animals 9(3): 81. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9030081  

Torcivia, C., & McDonnell, S. (2020). In-Person Caretaker Visits Disrupt Ongoing Discomfort Behavior in Hospitalized Equine Orthopedic Surgical Patients. Animals 10(2): 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020210  

Yngvesson, J., Rey Torres, J. C., Lindholm, J., Pättiniemi, A., Andersson, P., & Sassner, H. (2019). Health and body conditions of riding school horses housed in groups or kept in conventional tie-Stall/Box housing. Animals 9(3): 73. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9030073 

Stay Informed. Help Animals.

Learn about farmed animal welfare in Canada and what you can do to help! Sign up now to get clear explanations, action alerts, and practical steps you can take when it matters most.  Click here to learn more.

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UBC VegFest helps the next generation help animals

What if choosing lunch could help spare animals from suffering? On March 4, that hopeful vision came to life at the very first UBC VegFest!

The VHS’s PlantUniversity program partnered with the student club Vegans of UBC to showcase more than 25 local plant-based businesses and organizations right on campus. The event was hosted in collaboration with UBC’s student union, AMS, and supported by TMRW Foods, Vegan Supply, and SEEDS Sustainability Program.

Thousands of students and members of the surrounding community sampled delicious foods, met passionate vendors, and learned how plant-based choices can support their health, protect the environment, and reduce animal suffering in factory farms.

A basket next to plant-based items such as boxed mac and cheese, chocolate, loaves, and vegan tuna.
The winner of the UBC VegFest early bird draw showed off her gift basket, with items generously donated by Daiya, Oatworthy, Vegan Supply, To Live For, Gusta, Nuts For Cheese, and the Progressive Non-Animal Research Society.

Events like UBC VegFest are a powerful step toward a kinder food system. Outreach and education like this help to shape the values of future leaders and make compassionate choices more visible and accessible.

“Thank you so much for emphasizing education during the event just as much as yummy foods! I really appreciate this event. It is my favourite I’ve ever attended at UBC and I hope it becomes annual.” -Attendee of UBC VegFest

For young people making independent food choices for the first time, an open and welcoming community that shares the benefits of plant-based eating can help influence habits that last a lifetime.

One attendee called the experience “eye-opening to the options available to support a plant-based diet”.

Thank you to everyone who was involved in this event. Your advocacy helps to plant seeds of change that will grow for years to come.

For a list of organizers and vendors, visit the event page at PlantUniversity.ca.

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Protect ducks and geese from force-feeding for foie gras (Federal e-petition)

Update

This petition is now closed. Thank you to everyone who signed and spoke up for animals. Please go to this page for current campaigns.

  • The Vancouver Humane Society is joining the Canadian Coalition for Farmed Animals and advocates across Canada in calling for a ban on force-feeding ducks and geese for foie gras production.
  • Foie gras is produced by force-feeding ducks and geese until their livers swell up to ten times their normal size, causing a painful condition known as hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver syndrome).
  • Many other nations have banned the production and/or import of foie gras due to the severe animal welfare concerns, including the UK, Argentina, Australia, and India.

TAKE ACTION: Canadian residents can sign the official parliamentary e-petition until January 2, 2026. After you sign, be sure to click the link in the confirmation email so your signature is counted.

View updates

End foie gras production, import, and sale in Canada

Join the Vancouver Humane Society, the Canadian Coalition for Farmed Animals, MP Nathaniel Erskine-Smith, and advocates across Canada in calling to protect ducks and geese from inhumane force-feeding for foie gras.

The petition calls on Canada’s Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food to:

  • Ban the practice of force-feeding ducks and geese for the production of foie gras;
  • Ban the importation and sale of foie gras produced by such force-feeding;
  • Provide financial assistance and guidance to producers for transitioning to plant-based agriculture.

Sign the federal e-petition on the Parliament of Canada website before January 2, 2026, at 10:28 a.m. PT

Important: After you sign the petition, be sure to check your email and click the confirmation link to ensure your signature is counted.  

View updates (Petition closed)

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4 years later, renewed calls to end live horse export for slaughter 

Photos: Canadian Horse Defence Coalition

  • December 16, 2025 marks four years since the federal Liberal government promised to ban live horse export for slaughter, yet the commitment remains unfulfilled. 
  • In that time, more than 10,700 horses have been shipped on long, stressful overseas flights, destined for slaughter despite widespread public opposition. 
  • These grueling 20+ hour journeys where horses are confined in cramped crates have led to injuries, extreme exhaustion, miscarriages, and deaths. 
  • Bill C-355, introduced in 2023 to end live horse export for slaughter, passed the House of Commons but stalled in the Senate and died with the 2025 election. 
  • With one of the most vocal Senators who previously blocked the bill now retired, Canadians are calling on the federal government to finally keep its promise and end this inhumane industry for good. 

Take action!

Online

Remind decision-makers that this issue matters to you! Use the talking points below to send a message to your Member of Parliament and the federal Minister of Agriculture. 

Talking points

In person

Attend the candlelight vigil planned in Vancouver on Tuesday, December 16th at Vancouver City Hall – 453 W 12th Ave, 6PM – 7PM.

For more information, visit the Vancouver event facebook page and see the full list of vigils across Canada.

Vancouver vigil
All vigils in Canada

 

Tell your Member of Parliament and the Minister of Agriculture to prioritize an end to live horse export for slaughter 

Step 1

Use your postal code to find your MP’s contact information and include the federal Minister of Agriculture, Honourable Heath MacDonald. 

Find my MP

Agriculture Minister, Heath MacDonald: aafc.minister-ministre.aac@agr.gc.ca  

Step 2

Use the key points below to help you draft your email. Personalized emails are more impactful, so be sure to use your own words. 

Why you’re writing: 

  • Share that you’re a constituent of the Member of Parliament; 
  • That you’re writing regarding Canada’s inhumane practice of live horse export for slaughter; 
  • That it’s the four year anniversary of the federal government’s promise to end live horse export for slaughter; 
  • That you’re urging the government to follow through on this promise and end the practice once and for all.  

Why the issue matters to you: 

Consider sharing a few of key issues below that most concern you: 

  • Horses are loaded into crowded crates and flown on lengthy and stressful journeys overseas, destined for slaughter. 
  • Horses can legally go 28 hours without food, water, or rest – though investigations show many journeys exceed this already inhumane time limit.  
  • Deaths and injuries are commonplace, with investigations uncovering extreme exhaustion, miscarriages, and even deaths during and soon after the flights. For example, 21 horses died in 13 months between May 2023-June 2024. 
  • More than 10,000 horses have been sent to their deaths since the government promised to ban live horse export for slaughter. 
  • Polling shows a strong majority of Canadians are opposed to live horse export for slaughter. 

Reiterate your request: 

  • That you’re strongly urging them, as your elected representative and the Minister responsible for implementing a ban, to prioritize an end to live horse export for slaughter. 

Ask for a reply: 

  • Thank them for their consideration of your request and ask that they respond to you at their earliest convenience, as this issue is important to you. 
Send a message to your Member of Parliament & Minister of Agriculture

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Support the Protecting Victims Act: Criminalize the distribution of animal sexual abuse images

  • Last week, the Government of Canada introduced Bill C-16, the Protecting Victims Act.
  • This bill that moves to criminalize the distribution of animal sexual abuse images, while recognizing animals as victims and tools of coercive control.
  • These types images are not only acts of cruelty toward animals—they are also used to groom and exploit children and control victims.
  • This historic milestone was made possible through years of advocacy from Humane Canada (the federation of humane societies and SPCAs) and Member organizations.

TAKE ACTION: Use the quick message tool from Humane Canada to call on your MP to support the Protecting Victims Act.

Contact your MP

Take action

Violence against animals and violence against people are deeply connected, a reality that has left children, survivors, and animals without the protections they need. Bill C-16, the Protecting Victims Act, is a crucial step forward that recognizes the violence link and takes action where it is urgently needed.

The bill criminalizes the distribution of animal sexual abuse images, material that has been used to groom, manipulate, and exploit children. It also expands protections for people whose animals are harmed or threatened as a form of coercive control, a tactic widely used in intimate partner violence and criminal harassment.

These measures close long-standing gaps in Canadian law and strengthen safety for the entire family unit.

But Bill C-16 is not yet law. For these protections to take effect, Parliament must pass the legislation. Your voice can help ensure that happens.

Contact your MP
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Helping students choose kinder food: PlantUniversity gets a fresh focus

Young people are shaping tomorrow’s food choices.

Thanks to supporters like you, the VHS is updating the long-running PlantUniversity project to reach a new audience: postsecondary students in the Lower Mainland. We’re meeting students where they are, whether on campus or in the dining hall, to save the lives of farmed animals today and tomorrow.

New PlantUniversity student hub

PlantUniversity shares simple, affordable ways to help students add more plant-based meals into their routines. The difference this makes for animals is massive; more than 80 billion land animals are killed for food worldwide each year. The high demand for animal products exacerbates the inhumane conditions animals endure on industrial farms, in crowded transport trucks, and in slaughterhouses.

85,444,639,663

land animals were killed for food worldwide in 2023 (Faunalytics)

Choosing plant-based more often is one of the most effective ways to reduce suffering while also supporting our planet and personal health.

Beginning this fall, the VHS’s PlantUniversity team is working with student leaders at Metro Vancouver’s largest campuses to host in-person events, partner with local brands for tasty samples, and collaborate with professors to include animal-friendly food choices in coursework. Outreach activities and materials will highlight the impacts of our individual food choices on animals, the planet, and our health.

So far, the program has reached more than 100 professors at Lower Mainland schools. The program’s inaugural event over Climate Week in September directly reached hundreds of students with informational materials, peer support, and delicious plant-based baked goods, and with thousands more estimated to have seen prominent signage sharing the climate impacts of animal-based foods compared to plant-based.
Meanwhile, the program is making resources available to all postsecondary students across Canada through engaging social media posts, simple recipes, and guides to help students nationwide become leaders in their own campus communities.

The VHS is working alongside partners Reimagine Agriculture and Canadian Universities Initiative to develop these online resources, which will be available to all students in perpetuity. These partner organizations are also working with campus food providers to make plant-based foods more available and accessible through initiatives like default veg programs, in which plant-based meals are the default order and students may request animal products as an add-on.

Many students are making independent food decisions for the first time. With your help, we can give them the tools to choose compassion the next time they’re in the dining hall.

Do you know a faculty member, staff person, or student who might like to get involved? Please call Matt, the PlantUniversity Coordinator, at 778-251-3354. You can also reach him by email at matthew@vancouverhumanesociety.bc.ca. Thank you for helping the next generation choose kinder plates.

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VHS statement on Universal Ostrich Farm in Edgewood, B.C.

We hear and appreciate the concern many animal supporters have shared about the situation at Universal Ostrich Farm in Edgewood, B.C. Like you, we care deeply about the lives of animals, and their well-being is at the heart of every piece of the Vancouver Humane Society’s work.

This has been a painful and complex situation. Our thoughts are with the ostriches, the community, and everyone affected. We know many members of the public have been moved by the farm’s publicly stated shift away from oil and meat production toward a research-based model. At the same time, we recognize that avian influenza presents real challenges for farmed animals, wildlife, and public health. 

We encourage the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and the farmers at Universal Ostrich to work together in good faith to explore humane, science-based alternatives to culling. If the ostriches are given the opportunity to live out their lives free from harm and exploitation, we support efforts to find a solution that protects their health and well-being.

The VHS remains committed to compassionate solutions that see animals as individuals with lives worth protecting.